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Characteristics It is located in
Wiltshire, England.
It is a monument built
in the Neolithic and
Bronze Age.
Stonehenge is a large
circle of
standing stones.

How was it built?

FIRST STAGE

The first Stonehenge was a large
earthwork probably built around 3100 BC.
They formed a circle. Archaeologists found
cremated human bones, but they were
probably from part of a religious
ceremony.
After that, the monument didn’t change
until 1000 years later.

SECOND STAGE

It started around 2150 BC. About 82
bluestones from the Preseli mountains in
south-west Wales were brought to the site.
This journey was nearly 240 miles.
Once there, the stones were set up in the
centre to make an incomplete double
circle.

THIRD STAGE

It started in 2000 BC. The Sarsen stones
that they used were probably brought from
the Marlborough Downs area near
Avebury, about 25 miles north of
Stonehenge.
These were placed in an outer circle.
Inside the circle, there were also five
trilithons, that still remain today.

FINAL STAGE

After 1500 BC the bluestones were moved
into the horseshoe and circle that we see
today.
Most of the bluestones have been
removed or broken.

Possible theories about Stonehenge

Stonehenge was an astronomical
observatory
They could predict eclipses, lunar phases and
seasons. Nevertheless, it was possible that it
was not the original function because it took
more than 1000 years to finish it.
Stonehenge was a cemetery
Scientists found human bones buried there.

Diapositiva 9

Stonehenge was a religious temple
People went there because the Druids
could give them magic power and cure
their illnesses.

Incredible theories

Stonehenge was
built by Apollo’s
followers who
lived in the north
of Europe and
were
documented in
Greek mythology.
Stonehenge
was a place
where UFOs
landed.

Diapositiva 11

Stonehenge was
created in the first
years of the XX
century to attract
tourists.
Stonehenge was
built by the wizard
Merlin. He made it
himself by raising
the stones with his
magical power.

Vocabulary:

Bluestone -piedras del Stonehenge
traídas de fuera
Bronze age -edad de bronce
(to) cremate -incinerar, cremar
Druid -Druida
Horseshoe -herradura
Neolithic -neolítico
Sarsen stone -piedra arenisca
Standing stone -megalito vertical
Trilithon -estructura de dos piedras
verticales (columnas) y una horizontal
apoyada en la verticales.
UFO -OVNI (objeto volador no identificado)
Wizard Merlin -El mago Merlín

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire . One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones . It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds .

Stonehenge I The native Neolithic people of England began construction of Stonehenge I by digging a circular ditch using deer antlers as picks. The circle is 320 feet in diameter, and the ditch itself was 20 feet wide and 7 feet deep. they used the chalky rubble taken from the ditch to built a steep bank circle just inside the outer circle. Inside the bank circle, they dug 56 shallow holes known as the Aubrey holes. two parallel stones were erected at the entrance to the circle, one of which, the Slaughter Stone, still survives. Also surviving are two Station Stones, positioned across from each other on opposite sides of the circle, which may also have been erected during this time. Stonehenge I seems to have been used for about 500 years and then abandoned.

Stonehenge II Construction of Stonehenge II began around 2100 BC. A semicircle of granite stones known as bluestones was assembled within the original bank and ditch circles. The bluestones come from the Preseli Mountains in South Wales, nearly 250 miles away. There were about 80 of them, weighing up to 4 tons each. How they were transported is not known, although scholars don"t regard the feat as impossible and various theories have been presented. Second, the entranceway to the semicircle of bluestones is aligned with the midsummer sunrise. The alignment was continued by the clearing of a new approach to the site, "The Avenue," which has ditches and banks on either side like the original outer circle .

Stonehenge III Stonehenge III is the stone circle that is still visible today. During this phase, which was started in about 2000 BC , the builders constructed a circle of upright sarsen stones, each pair of which was topped with a stone lintel (horizontal capstone). The lintels are curved to create a complete circle on top. There were originally 30 upright stones; 17 of these still stand. Within this stone ring was erected a horseshoe formation of the same construction, using 10 upright stones. Here the trilithons stand separated from one another, in 5 pairs. Eight of the original ten stones remain. The horseshoe shape opens directly towards the Slaughter Stone and down the Avenue, aligned with the summer solstice sunrise.

John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey’s work in the early 18th century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying the Cursus and the Avenue. The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740.His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published. Importantly Wood’s plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958. Archaeological research and restoration .

William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early 19th century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. William Gowland the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position. Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date.

Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F. S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley"s work in the 40s and 50s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. in 1978 by Atkinson he discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch. More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship with the stones - notably Durrington Walls. A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 40 cm (16 inches) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope . In July 2010 the Stonehenge New Landscapes Project discovered what appears to be a new henge less than 1 kilometre away from the main site.

В южной Англии на Солсберийской равнине находятся остатки древнего каменного храма. Камни образуют композицию из вертикально установленных менгиров, образующих круг диаметром 29,6 метра. Этот круг камней сверху соединен горизонтально лежащими плоскими камнями. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э.

Этапы постройки Стоунхенджа. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг.

Второй этап начался в 2200 г. до н.э. Были установлены первые мегалиты - 82 «голубых камня» (присутствующие во многих культовых центрах по всей Земле) - тесаные камни из долерита весом до 5 тонн каждый. Их расположили двумя кругами на расстоянии 1, 8 друг от друга и в 10, 5 м от центра. Западная часть колец не была достроена.

Заключительный этап начался около 2100 г до н.э. Возле центра сооружена «подкова» из пяти «трилитов» (групп из двух вертикальных и горизонтального камней установленных в виде буквы «П"). Трилиты окружены кольцом из 30 вертикально стоящих камней, покрытых горизонтальными. Ось «подковы» совпадает с главной ось комплекса. Трилиты имеют высоту 6, 6, 5 и 7, 2 м.

Вид сверху. Стоунхендж, Великобритания – 2100 г. До н.э.

В конце 3 тысячелетия до нашей эры Стоунхендж подвергся новой самой масштабной перестройке, благодаря которой он стал так популярен в наши дни. С холмов южной Англии (удаленных на 40 км) сюда привезли 30 огромных каменных блоков, каждый из которых весил по 25 тонн. Их расставили в центре Стоунхенджа по кругу диаметром 30 метров

В самом сердце Стоунхенджа поставили шеститонный монолит из зеленого слюдяного песчаника так называемый «Алтарь». Кроме того, северо- восточный вход был перенесен чуть в сторону и расширен так, чтобы он смотрел точно на восход солнца в день летнего солнцестояния.

Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг». Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг».

Русский Стоунхендж. Гора Воттоваара. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе.

На вершине Воттоваары, на площади примерно в 6 км, находятся огромные камни прямоугольной формы, удивительные сооружения из камней в виде правильного круга, названные археологами кромлехами, и около 1600 камней-сейдов, уложенных в некоем таинственном порядке.
Сейд – по понятиям аборигенов Карелии саами - это природный объект, в котором живёт почитаемый дух. Сейды бывают как естественного происхождения (деревья, скалы, животные, всевозможные явления природы) так и рукотворные. Как правило, рукотворный сейд представляет собой крупный валун, поставленный на несколько более мелких камней или в какое-нибудь неустойчивое положение.
Есть версия, что возраст комплекса около 2000 лет, а идея его сооружения принадлежит северным племенам гипербореев жителям древней северной страны Гипербореи. По саамским же поверьям, это место является средоточием злых сил: здесь растут уродливые деревья, почти отсутствует фауна, озера мертвы.

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Текстовое содержимое слайдов презентации: Stonehenge. Презентация к уроку 1 «On Salisbury Plain.» Unit 12. к учебнику К. Кауфман, М. Кауфман «Happy English.ru» для 6-го класса.Выполнила Модина Любовь Васильевна, учитель английского языка БОУ г.Омска «СОШ №124» 2013 год
learn the new words:cemetery-кладбищеderive-получатьdesignate-обозначатьсapability-возможностьawe-inspiring-впечатляющийсentury-век, столетие
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ppt_yppt_yppt_y Stonehenge, prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BC.
As a prehistoric stone circle, it is unique because of its artificially shaped sarsen stones. The name of the monument probably derives from the Saxon stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” or “gallows”.
Stonehenge was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. English antiquarian John Aubrey in the 17th century and his compatriot archaeologist William Stukeley in the 18th century both believed the structure to be a Druid temple.
In 1963 American astronomer Gerald Hawkins proposed that Stonehenge had been constructed as a “computer” to predict lunar and solar eclipses; other scientists also attributed astronomical capabilities to the monument.
In 2008 British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggested that Stonehenge was used in prehistory as a place of healing. However, analysis of human remains from around and within the monument shows no difference from other parts of Britain in terms of the population’s health.
The Stonehenge that is visible today is incomplete, many of its original sarsens and bluestones having been broken up and taken away, probably during Britain’s Roman and medieval periods.
Stonehenge was built within an area that was already special to Mesolithic and Neolithic people. About 8000–7000 BC, early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers dug pits and erected pine posts within 650 feet (200 metres) of Stonehenge’s future location.
Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a million people per year. It stands as an icon for all that is mysterious and awe-inspiring about humanity’s prehistoric past.
For well over a century, people have gathered at the monument to celebrate the summer solstice. Modern-day Druidic societies have claimed Stonehenge as their own temple, even though the identification of Stonehenge with the original Druids is suspect.
Say: True or False.Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built between 4000-1560 BC.The name of the monument probably derives from the English stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” . Some scientists believed the structure to be a Druid temple. Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a billion people per year.
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style.rotation Answer the questions.1. What is Stonehenge?2. What did American astronomer Gerald Hawkins propose?3. What did British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggest in 2008?4.What does the analysis show?5. Why have people gathered at the monument for well over a century?6. How many people visit Stonehenge every year?
Используемые ресурсы:Encyclopedia Britannica:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567331/StonehengeКартинки:http://img15.nnm.ru/5/c/b/2/6/9f77aa88263d9434a009e069e94_prev.jpghttp://zev.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/druids_stonehenge.jpghttp://www.knowth.eu/wallpaper/stonehenge-equinox-800.jpg

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ГБ П ОУ Н О « НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ » Тема: “Stonehenge”

Преподаватель: Мордовина

Римма Закировна.

201 6 год

Questions about Stonehenge:

• What is it?
• Where is Stonehenge located?
• When was Stonehenge built?
• Who built Stonehenge?
• What did Stonehenge consist of?
• Where did the stones come from?
• How did ancient people use Stonehenge?

Stonehenge: What is it?

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument . One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks . It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds .

Stonehenge: Where is it located?

Stonehenge is located in the English county of Wiltshire , about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury

Stonehenge: When was it built?

Archaeologists believe the stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC, whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

Most scientists agree on the modern theory that three tribes built Stonehenge at three separate times. In approximately 3000 B.C., it is believe the first people to work on the site were Neolithic agrarians. Archeologists named them the Windmill Hill people after one of their earthworks on Windmill Hill, which is near Stonehenge. The Windmill Hill peoples built large circular furrows, or hill-top enclosures, dug around a mound and had collective burials in large stone-encased tombs. Most of their burial mounds point east-west. These people were one of the first semi-nomadic hunting and gathering groups with an agricultural economy and contained a strong reverence for circles and symmetry.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

The second group – The Beaker people - is thought to have originated in Spain, migrating northwards and colonizing north-west Europe. Their name comes from their ancient traditions in which they would bury beakers, or pottery drinking cups, with their dead. Scientists believe they were sun worshipers who aligned Stonehenge more exactly with certain important sun events, such as mid summer and winter solstices.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

The Wessex People are considered the third and final group to work on the Stonehenge site. They arrived around 1500 B.C. at the height of the Bronze Age. They were among the most advanced cultures outside the Mediterranean during this period. These people are thought to have been responsible for the bronze dagger carving found on one of the large sarsen stones within Stonehenge.

• A circular earthwork, 300 feet in diameter.
• An avenue bounded by earthworks approaching it on the north-east
• One large unworked Sarsen Stone , called the “Hele Stone” or “Friar’s Heel”.
• A recumbent slab within the earthwork called “Slaughtering Stone ”
• Two small unhewn Sarsens lying north-west and south-east of the Circle of Stones.
• A ring of hewn Sarsen stones with “imposts” or lintels mortised to them. The lintels are fitted together with toggle joints. Sixteen out of the original thirty uprights of these “Trilithones” are now standing.

Stonehenge: What did it consist of?

• The diameter of this circle is about 108 feet, or that of the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
• A ring of less perfectly hewn “Foreign Stones” (i.e. stones not to be found in Wiltshire at the present day)
• These numbered between thirty and forty. Only seven are standing today, nine are overthrown.

Stonehenge: What did it consist of?

• Five great Trilithons , arranged in a horseshoe, with the opening to the north-east. These Trilithons rise gradually in height towards the south-west. The largest group of stones fell A.D. 1620. Those next to the great Trilithon on the north-west, fell on January 3 rd , 1797.
• Today only two of the Inner Trilithons are standing. One upright of the great Trilithon (raised and made secure in 1901) is erect.
• A horseshoe of less perfectly hewn Foreign Stones. Originally there were fifteen or more of these monolits averaging eight feet high.
• A simple recumbent slab of micaceous sandstone called the “Alter Stone”.

Stonehenge: How did ancient people use it?

It is not definitively known what Stonehenge was used for. Some believe it was used for sacrifices , and others say that it was for non-sacrificial rituals involving star counting and/or the predicting of various astronomical phenomena such as eclipses. More recent ideas are moving away from the idea that Stonehenge had complex “astronomical” functions. However it was certainly set up in respect of the Midwinter Solstice.